Mental Models: The Ultimate Thinking Tools

First Principles Thinking – Break down problems to the basics.

Inversion – Think backward: what to avoid?

Occam’s Razor – The simplest solution is often right.

Second-Order Thinking – Consider long-term consequences.

Circle of Competence – Know your limits and stay within them.

Ask better questions before making decisions.

Simplify problems using these models.

Reflect on which model fits best after action.

Create a personal “Mental Model Journal” write down new models you learn and how you apply them.